What is drug resistant TB?
A person has drug resistant TB if the TB bacteria that the person is infected with, will not respond to, which means that they are resistant to, at least one of the main TB drugs.
Drug susceptible TB is the opposite. If someone is infected with TB bacteria that are fully susceptible, it means that all of the TB drugs will be effective so long as they are taken properly. It still means that several drugs need to be taken together to provide effective TB treatment.
How do you find out which drugs can be used to treat it?
Drug susceptibility testing is how you find out which drugs will be effective at treating drug resistant TB.
Is it possible to cure drug resistant TB?
It is more difficult to cure TB which is drug resistant than TB which is fully susceptible, but it is still possible.
How do you get it?
There are two ways that people get it.
- Firstly, people get acquired drug resistant TB when their TB treatment is inadequate. This can be for a number of reasons, including the fact that patients fail to keep to proper TB treatment regimens. It can also be that the wrong TB drugs are prescribed, or sub standard TB drugs are used for treatment.
- Secondly, transmitted or primary drug resistant TB, results from the direct transmission of drug resistant TB from one person to another. The occurrence and prevention of primary drug resistant TB has largely been neglected during the development of global programs to end TB.
New tools have enabled researchers to investigate this further. They have found that primary resistance plays a much greater role than previously thought.[efn_note]"Report warns of rise in drug-resistant tuberculosis", 2017, http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2017/03/report-warns-rise-drug-resistant-tuberculosis[/efn_note]
Our best estimates are that globally, at least 75% to 80% is now primarily transmitted, as opposed to primarily acquired during treatment. D Dowdy
So simply doing a better job of treating drug susceptible TB is no longer sufficient for controlling drug resistance. To control it, it is necessary to specifically diagnose and treat it.
What are the main types of drug resistant TB?
WHO uses five categories to classify cases of drug-resistant TB. These are isoniazid-resistant TB, RR-TB and MDR-TB plus pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) and XDR-TB. Pre XDR-TB is TB that is resistant to rifampicin and any fluoroquinolone (a class of second line anti TB drug). XDR-TB is TB that is resistant to rifampicin plus any fluoroquinolone, plus at least one of the drugs bedaquiline and linezolid.
MDR TB is the type of drug resistant TB, when the bacteria are resistant to the TB drugs rifampicin and isoniazid
MDR TB and XDR TB do not respond to the standard six months of TB treatment with “first line” anti TB drugs. Treatment for them can often take two years or more and requires treatment with other drugs that are less potent, more toxic and much more expensive. However, there are now starting to be some shorter regimens for treatment.
What is RR-TB?
RR-TB is Rifampicin resistant TB. Rifampicin resistant TB requires treatment with second line drugs. RR-TB includes MDR-TB which is resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid.
What are the statistics for the treatment of drug resistant TB
A doctor checks for signs of life and finds none, in a patient with drug resistant TB in the Ukraine © Misha Friedman/WHO
Globally in 2020 71% of people diagnosed with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB were tested for rifampicin resistance, up from 61% in 2019 and 50% in 2018.
Among these 132,222,cases of MDR/RR-TB and 25,681 cases of pre-XDR-TB or XDR-TB were detected for a combined total of 157,903.
Worldwide 150,359 people with MDR/RR-TB were enrolled on treatment in 2020, down 15% from the total of 177,100 in 2019.
High burden MDR TB countries
The 30 “high burden” MDR TB countries are:
Angola, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, China, DPR Korea, DR Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Somalia, South Africa, Tajikistan, Thailand, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Zimbabwe.
There is more about high burden TB countries &
Page updating
This page was last updated in September 2022.
Author Annabel Kanabus
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Footnotes
You might like to read more about:
Major Source for Drug resistant TB
Global TB Report Global TB Report
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